https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34332222/

 Please read the following reviews related to biofilms 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0098299721000613

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S094450132100135X

 One recent review article discussing Bacillus subtilis community life is most interesting to read. The review suggests how this bacterium have an advantage for the biofilm lifestyle. The review discusses evolution and community behaviour. 

link is

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-021-00540-9

Biofilm formation stages (Figure)

The social biofilm network 2020

Currently attending The social biofilm network 2020 online via ZOOM from June 1-5

Many interesting talks heard since Tuesday (missed that of Monday)

best Biofilm researchers presenting their work

Acute vs chronic infections

These terms can be understood by taking the example of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as model organism.

ACUTE INFECTION

Acute infections are characterised by bacteria which can flow or motile. They have overexpression of virulence factors e.g. Type 3 secretion. During acute infection, bacteria can move in blood or through mucin layers.

CHRONIC INFECTIONS

Chronic infection is characterised by sessile bacterial colonies called biofilms. 

Difference between MIC and MBEC for antibiotic experiments

MIC - Minimal inhibition concentration

The minimal concentration of antibiotic at which no bacterial growth is observed is called MIC. For instance, MIC of colistin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranges 1-2 ug/ml. The strains which can grow above MIC may be considered resistant or tolerant strains.

MBEC- Minimal Biofilm Eradication Concentration

The minimum concentration of antibiotic required to eradicate mature biofilms is termed as MBEC. In general, MBEC are higher than MIC e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa MBEC ranges >100 ug/ml colistin.